Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions in the Management of Osteoporosis

Abstract

Osteoporosis remains a major public health concern characterized by 
reduced bone mass and micro architectural deterioration, leading to 
increased fracture risk at the common sites (hip, wrist, spine, ribs). 
Nutritional and lifestyle interventions play a pivotal role in both 
prevention and management. Adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, 
vitamin K, protein, magnesium, and other essential micronutrients is 
fundamental for optimal bone mineralization and skeletal strength. 
Regular physical activity, particularly resistance and weight-bearing 
exercises, stimulates bone remodeling, improves muscle strength, and 
minimizes fall-related fractures. Conversely, modifiable risk factors 
such as a sedentary lifestyle, coffee and salt intake, low estrogen, 
smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption exacerbate bone loss. 
Recent evidence highlights the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens, 
dairy products, probiotics, and anti-inflammatory dietary patterns on 
bone metabolism and oxidative stress. This review emphasizes the need 
for an integrated, evidence-based approach combining nutritional 
optimization, structured exercise, and behavioral modification to 
enhance bone health and mitigate the global impact of osteoporosis.